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Digg BCMath Arbitrary Precision Mathematics FunctionsFor arbitrary precision mathematics PHP offers the Binary Calculator which supports numbers of any size and precision, represented as strings. Since PHP 4.0.4, libbcmath is bundled with PHP. You don't need any external libraries for this extension.
These functions are only available if PHP was
configured with The windows version of PHP has built in support for this extension. You do not need to load any additional extension in order to use these functions.
The behaviour of these functions is affected by settings in Table 22. BC math configuration options
Here's a short explanation of the configuration directives.
Table of Contents
Code Examples / Notes » ref.bcmarcus
Oops, first posting contained wrong code... sorry. An amendment to the entry by pulstar at mail dot com - the digits() function can be made much faster (remove the line breaks from the big string, and make sure you don't miss any characters!): function digits2($base) { if($base < 64) { return substr('0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ-_', 0, $base); } else { return substr("\x0\x1\x2\x3\x4\x5\x6\x7\x8\x9\xa\xb\xc\xd \xe\xf\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d \x1e\x1f\x20!\x22#\x24%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=> \x3f@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\] ^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\x7f\x80\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85 \x86\x87\x88\x89\x8a\x8b\x8c\x8d\x8e\x8f\x90\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95 \x96\x97\x98\x99\x9a\x9b\x9c\x9d\x9e\x9f\xa0\xa1\xa2\xa3\xa4\xa5 \xa6\xa7\xa8\xa9\xaa\xab\xac\xad\xae\xaf\xb0\xb1\xb2\xb3\xb4\xb5 \xb6\xb7\xb8\xb9\xba\xbb\xbc\xbd\xbe\xbf\xc0\xc1\xc2\xc3\xc4\xc5 \xc6\xc7\xc8\xc9\xca\xcb\xcc\xcd\xce\xcf\xd0\xd1\xd2\xd3\xd4\xd5 \xd6\xd7\xd8\xd9\xda\xdb\xdc\xdd\xde\xdf\xe0\xe1\xe2\xe3\xe4\xe5 \xe6\xe7\xe8\xe9\xea\xeb\xec\xed\xee\xef\xf0\xf1\xf2\xf3\xf4\xf5\xf6 \xf7\xf8\xf9\xfa\xfb\xfc\xfd\xfe\xff", 0, $base); } } in my benchmarks, this is around 150x faster for 256 digits benjcarson
Note that bcmath doesn't seem to handle numbers in exponential notation (i.e. "1e4"), although PHP considers such a value a number. example: $exp1 = "1E5"; $exp2 = "2E4"; $ans1 = bcadd($exp1, $exp2, 3); $ans2 = $exp1 + exp2; echo("bcadd: $exp1 + $exp2 = $ans1"); echo("php: $exp1 + $exp2 = $ans2"); // Output: bcadd: 1E5 + 2E4 = 0.000 php: 1E5 + 2E4 = 120000 Just a gotcha if you're using passing PHP numbers into bcmath functions... stonehew ut gm a il det com
Like any other bc function, you can't trust the last couple of digits, but everything else seems to check out. If you want to use this for anything important, you may want to verify this against other sources of pi before use. This function calculates 100 decimal places of pi in 329 iterations -- not exactly fast (each iteration calls the factorial function, from below, twice), so I try to avoid calling it more than once. <? //arbitrary precision pi approximator //author tom boothby //free for any use function bcpi() { $r=2; $i=0; $or=0; while(bccomp($or,$r)) { $i++; $or=$r; $r = bcadd($r,bcdiv(bcmul(bcpow(bcfact($i),2), bcpow(2,$i+1)),bcfact(2*$i+1))); } return $r; } ?> benjcarson
In addition to my last note, here are a quick pair of functions to convert exponential notation values into bcmath-style number strings: // exp2int converts numbers in the // form "1.5e4" into strings function exp2int($exp) { list($mantissa, $exponent) = spliti("e", $exp); list($int, $dec) = split("\.", $mantissa); bcscale ($dec); return bcmul($mantissa, bcpow("10", $exponent)); } // float2exp converts floats into exponential notation function float2exp($num) { if (0 == $num) { return "0E1";} list($int, $dec) = split("\.", $num); // Extract sign if ($int[0] == "+" || $int[0] == "-") { $sign = substr($int, 0,1); $int = substr($int, 1); } if (strlen($int) <= 1) { // abs($num) is less than 1 $i=0; for ($i=0; $dec[$i]=='0' && $i < strlen($dec); $i++); $exp = -$i-1; $mantissa = substr($dec,$i,1).".".substr($dec,$i+1); } else { // abs($num) is greater than 1 $i=0; for ($i=0; $int[$i]=='0' && $i < strlen($int); $i++); $exp = strlen($int)-1 - $i; $mantissa = substr($int,$i,1).".".substr($int,$i+1).$dec; } return ($sign . $mantissa . "E" . $exp); } mgcclx
I wrote this function with many BCMath functions. It should be the fastest function in PHP to find the number pi into any precision, my test is it generate 2000 digits after the dot in 8 seconds. I don't think you need anything more than that. <?php //bcpi function with Gauss-Legendre algorithm //by Chao Xu (Mgccl) function bcpi($precision){ $limit = ceil(log($precision)/log(2))-1; bcscale($precision+6); $a = 1; $b = bcdiv(1,bcsqrt(2)); $t = 1/4; $p = 1; while($n < $limit){ $x = bcdiv(bcadd($a,$b),2); $y = bcsqrt(bcmul($a, $b)); $t = bcsub($t, bcmul($p,bcpow(bcsub($a,$x),2))); $a = $x; $b = $y; $p = bcmul(2,$p); ++$n; } return bcdiv(bcpow(bcadd($a, $b),2),bcmul(4,$t),$precision); } ?> robert
I spent some time looking for how to generate a large random number, in the end I've settled for reading directly from /dev/urandom I know this is a *nix only solution, but I figured that it might come in handy to someone else. The value $size is the size in bits, it could be simplified greatly if you want the size in bytes, but bits was more helpful to what I needed. <?php function bcrand($size) { $filename = "/dev/urandom"; $handle = fopen($filename, "r"); $bin_urand = fread($handle, ceil($size/8.0)); fclose($handle); $mask = (($size % 8 < 5) ? '0' : '') . dechex(bindec(str_repeat('1', $size % 8))) . str_repeat('FF', floor($size/8)); $binmask = pack("H*", $mask); $binrand = $binmask & $bin_urand; $hexnumber = unpack("H*", $binrand); $hexnumber = $hexnumber['']; $numlength = strlen($hexnumber); $decnumber = 0; for($x = 1; $x <= $numlength; $x++) { $place = $numlength - $x; $operand = hexdec(substr($hexnumber,$place,1)); $exponent = bcpow(16,$x-1); $decValue = bcmul($operand, $exponent); $decnumber = bcadd($decValue, $decnumber); } return $decnumber; } ?> stonehew et g m a i l dut com
I hacked these taylor expansions up to make diagrams for some physics homework. I don't think you'll be wanting to do any real science with PHP... but what the hell, why not? I plan to implement either a spigot algorithm or something similar to generate pi in the near future. <? // arbitrary precision sin and cosine functions // author tom boothby // free for any use function bcfact($n) { $r = $n--; while($n>1) $r=bcmul($r,$n--); return $r; } function bcsin($a) { $or= $a; $r = bcsub($a,bcdiv(bcpow($a,3),6)); $i = 2; while(bccomp($or,$r)) { $or=$r; switch($i%2) { case 0: $r = bcadd($r,bcdiv(bcpow($a,$i*2+1),bcfact($i*2+1))); break; default: $r = bcsub($r,bcdiv(bcpow($a,$i*2+1),bcfact($i*2+1))); break; } $i++; } return $r; } function bccos($a) { $or= $a; $r = bcsub(1,bcdiv(bcpow($a,2),2)); $i = 2; while(bccomp($or,$r)) { $or=$r; switch($i%2) { case 0: $r = bcadd($r,bcdiv(bcpow($a,$i*2),bcfact($i*2))); break; default: $r = bcsub($r,bcdiv(bcpow($a,$i*2),bcfact($i*2))); break; } $i++; } return $r; } ?> diabolos
Here's a function to compute the natural exponential function in arbitrary precision using the basic bcMath arithmetic operations. EXAMPLE: To compute the exponential function of 1.7 to 36 decimals: $y = bcExp("1.7", 36); The result: 4.331733759839529271053448625299468628 would be returned in variable $y NOTE: In practice, the last couple of digits may be inaccurate due to small rounding errors. If you require a specific degree of precision, always compute 3-4 decimals beyond the required precision. The program code for the natural exponential function is: ****************************************** Function bcExp($xArg, $NumDecimals) { $x = Trim($xArg); $PrevSum = $x - 1; $CurrTerm = 1; $CurrSum = bcAdd("1", $x, $NumDecimals); $n = 1; While (bcComp($CurrSum, $PrevSum, $NumDecimals)) { $PrevSum = $CurrSum; $CurrTerm = bcDiv(bcMul($CurrTerm, $x, $NumDecimals), $n + 1, $NumDecimals); $CurrSum = bcAdd($CurrSum, $CurrTerm, $NumDecimals); $n++; } Return $CurrSum; } udochen
Code below implements standard rounding on 5 or higer round up, else don't round. There wasn't a round function for the BC functions, so here is a simple one that works. Same args as round, except takes strings and returns a string for more BC operations. ---------------- function roundbc($x, $p) { $x = trim($x); $data = explode(".",$x); if(substr($data[1],$p,1) >= "5") { //generate the add string. $i=0; $addString = "5"; while($i < $p) { $addString = "0" . $addString; $i++; }//end while. $addString = "." . $addString; //now add the addString to the original fraction. $sum = bcadd($data[0] . "." . $data [1],$addString,$p+1); //explode the result. $sumData = explode(".",$sum); //now, return the correct precision on the rounded number. return $sumData[0] . "." . substr($sumData[1],0,$p); } else { //don't round the value and return the orignal to the desired //precision or less. return $data[0] . "." . substr($data[1],0,$p); }//end if/else. }//end roundbc. oliver
A simplier Version of the Script above: function dec2base($dec, $digits) { $value = ""; $base = strlen($digits); while($dec>$base-1) { $rest = $dec % $base; $dec = $dec / $base; $value = $digits[$rest].$value; } $value = $digits[intval($dec)].$value; return (string) $value; } function base2dec($value, $digits) { $value = strtoupper($value); $base = strlen($digits); $size = strlen($value); $dec = '0'; for ($loop = 0; $loop<$size; $loop++) { $element = strpos($digits,$value[$loop]); $power = pow($base,$size-$loop-1); $dec += $element * $power; } return (string) $dec; } $digits = "ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ23456789"; echo dec2base('1000', $digits); pulstar
A little comment for the simplified example above: you can do base converting without BCMath functions using only math operators, but you will not able to manage very large values or work with strings to compress or scramble data. If you have BCMath installed in your system it worth use it for this.
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